Chapter 21 - Text Notes
180
And one could now wage war against them.
181 3a. From the
preceding passage, which states that they were exposed when Aharon died
and the clouds departed. (M.) Also, why not simply "the Canaanite
came"? (S.C.)
182 Tanchuma, 18.
183 13:29.
184 Yalkut Shimoni.
185 13:22.
186 The sacred Ark,
which traveled before the people to find a place for them to camp. The
presence of the Ark was not the reason for the war, but the absence of
the protective clouds. When the Canaanites heard that the clouds had
departed, and Israel followed the Ark only, they waged war. (M.)
187
10:33.
188 Tanchuma, 18.
189 Whom the Israelites had
captured from them. Scripture does not record any transgression which
would justify battle casualities, and does not specify who was taken
captive---evidently, the prisoner was someone insignificant. And {Hebrew Ref} may refer to a maidservant, as in Shemos, 12:29. (Ramban.)
190 Yalkut Shimoni.
191 {Hebrew Ref} here is interpreted as "destruction," as
in Shemos, 22:19. (M.) {Hebrew Ref} refers to anything rendered
useless. In the case of objects, like the cities, it is interpreted as
consecration, since a consecrated object cannot be used for personal
benefit. In the case of persons, like the Canaanites, where
consecration for Sanctuary use is inapplicable, it is interpreted as
destruction. (G.A.)
192 To the Sanctuary. {Hebrew Ref} here is
interpreted as "consecration," as in Vayikra, 27:8. (M. See Erachin,
29a. )
193 To return to Egypt. The Levites pursued them, and,
after a bloody battle, prevented them from returning. (Rashi to 26:13,
Devorim, 10:6.)
194 Devorim, 1:40.
195 Ibid, 10:6.
196
His death was the catalyst for the tragic sequence of events which
climaxed in the battle at Moseirah. Since its disastrous effects were
still apparent, it was as if the death had just occurred. (M.)
197 33:31--37.
198 Tanchuma, 18.
199 Zechariah,
11:8.
200 Shoftim, 10:16.
201 Zechariah, 11:8.
202 Iyov, 10:16.
203 Tanchuma,
19.
204 Because of the rotten waste material which would
accumulate in their stomachs. (G.A.) Another rendition of {Hebrew Ref}
is "bulkless," from {Hebrew Ref} , "light," or "buoyant." (M.)
205 Yoma, 75b. The mitzvah to dispose of body waste as
stated in Devorim, 23:14 was relevant only because at times they
consumed food bought from passing merchants, or, after they sinned.
(Yoma, there)
206 {Hebrew Ref} sometimes refers to a type of
snake. If this were the meaning here, it would say {Hebrew Ref} ,
'and' seraphim-snakes. (M.)
207 When he convinced Chavah
to eat the forbidden fruit. (Bereishis, 3:1--5.)
208 About the
manna.
209 Like dust. (Bereishis, 3:14, Yoma, 75a)
210 As
desired by the eater. (Yoma, ibid.)
211 Tanchuma, 19.
212
Ibid.
213 Yeshaya, 30:17.
214 Ibid, 49:22.
215 Ibid,
13:2.
216 By standing high and attracting attention to the
message it conveys, the mast functions like a banner. (Imrei Shefer)
217 From "anyone bitten." (M.)
218 Yerushalmi, Rosh
Hashanah, 3:9.
219 Why, then, was the snake image necessary? As
an aid to prayer. The banner drew their gaze heavenward, and the sight
of the snake riveted their attention to their wounds. Or, G-d decreed
that the snake image would cause the cure, but only if they prayed.
(G.A.)
220 Rosh Hashanah, 29a.
221 Scriptural names for things depict their essence. Thus,
objects sharing a common name must be essentially related. (G.A.
Bereishis Rabbah, 31:8)
222 They were passes, so why call them
wasteland? (D.T.)
223 Actually, the root is {Hebrew Ref} , but
the {Hebrew Ref} sometimes falls away. Rashi considers only letters
which are never dropped as roots. (G.A.)
224 Shemos, 38:3. They
were used to remove the ashes from the altar. (M.)
225 Yeshayah,
28:17.
226 Scripture refers to Mount Nevo itself as "this
mountain pass" (Devorim, 32:49). Evidently, the wasteland passes led
to Mount Nevo, which, in turn, was the passage to Canaan. (G.A.)
227
The prefix {Hebrew Ref} generally means "from," but in {Hebrew Ref} it means "toward" [the east]. (G.A.)
228 {Hebrew Ref} sometimes refers to the entire territory,
including the interior (Shemos, 13:7). Not here. (G.A.)
229 Shoftim,
11:17.
230 Devorim, 2:29.
231 {Hebrew Ref} , "in the book,"
is understood here as "when recounting." See Devorim, 24:1. (M.)
232 Indicating that the letters {Hebrew Ref} and {Hebrew Ref} are
interchangeable.
233 The {Hebrew Ref} in {Hebrew Ref} is not
a prefix meaning "and," but is a basic part of the word. Thus the
transposed {Hebrew Ref} is also part of the word, which now reads {Hebrew Ref} , meaning "He gave."
234 Although the mountains were flattened and the valleys
raised to make way for the Israelites (Ta'anis, 9a), this area was left
intact to punish the Emorites. (S.C.)
235 Toward the Israelites,
who stood at the top of the mountain before descending to the valley.
Like an attending maidservant, the mountain remained locked in position
until the Israelites passed before it and made their descent. When the
mountain finally disengaged, and the caves became visible, the
Israelites had already left the area. Thus, they would have remained
oblivious to the miracle were it not for the flow of blood into the
valley. (G.A.)
236 Ar was a Moavite city.
237 Tanchuma, 20.
238 See note 57.
239 Shabbos, 10b.
240 Tanchuma,
20.
241 Rising begins from a depth. (M.)
242 The limbs.
243 Verse 18 declares that the well was given to them as a gift in
the wilderness. i.e., when they entered the wilderness. (M.)
244 Verse 15, which recounts the miracle of the cliffs.
245
Tanchuma, ibid.
246 Midrash Aggadah.
247 Used to perform
miracles (Shemos, 4:17.)
248 {Hebrew Ref} is not a name, but
is translated as "a gift."
249 Targum does not understand {Hebrew Ref} as a name, but translates it as "a legacy."
250 This
took place considerably after the miracle of the cliffs which inspired
the song. Having extolled the well for its role in revealing the
miracle, Scripture portrays its travels up to the time that it was
discontinued. (M.)
251 Although the well dried with Miriam's
death (20:2), it was reinstituted in Moshe's merit, and functioned
until he died. (S.C., from Ta'anis 9a)
252 Tanchuma, 21.
253 Devorim, 33:21. There, in the
territory chosen by the tribe of Don, Moshe is buried.
254 In the
incident of "the waters of dispute" (20:13).
255 Tanchuma, 21.
256 Tehillim, 48:14.
257 The peak overlooks, not the valley
mentioned above. {Hebrew Ref} "valley" is masculine. {Hebrew Ref}
, "peak," and {Hebrew Ref} , "that overlooks," are feminine.
(G.A.)
258 Above the sea.
259 Tanchuma, 21.
260 Devorim, 2:26.
261 Ibid,
20:14.
262 Shoftim, 11:17.
263 Tanchuma, 23.
264 The
mitzvah to propose peace before attacking a city (Devorim,
20:10) does not apply to the seven nations who occupied the land during
the conquest of Eretz Yisroel. (M., from Rashi there. See Ramban
there.)
265 Tanchuma, 22. The Torah requires the total
destruction of the peoples who dwelt in Eretz Yisral (Devorim, 20:16,
17), yet they proposed peace because that requirement applies only
during the actual battle of conquest. Here, they merely wished to pass
through the Emorite territory in order to begin the conquest later,
after crossing the river Jordan. They could have taken the passage by
force, but chose to ask permission. (G.A.)
266 Tanchuma, 23. The Edomites, who were not paid to protect
Canaan, also refused Israel passage (20:18--21), yet Rashi attributes
Sichon's refusal to the protection payment. The Edomite request
was based on brotherhood (20;14), thus assuring Edom that the
Israelites would not wage war should they refuse. Sichon certainly
understood that his refusal would be met with an attack. Why would he
face warfare merely to block free passage? Because he had been paid to
protect them. (G.A.)
267 Why did he not remain there, without
gathering the people? Because the Holy One made him fearful, prompting
him to leave the city and gather his army in one place, where they were
conveniently slain. (G.A.)
268 Tanchuma, ibid.
269 Ammon. Devorim, 2:19.
270
Devorim, 2:9.
271 And therefore should not have been attacked.
272 And therefore was permitted to be attacked. Chulin, 60b.
273 Bava Metziah, 56b.
274 23:7.
275 His father. Scripture infers that Bil'am
was a greater prophet than B'or (24:3), indicating that both had
prophetic powers. The prefix {Hebrew Ref} , {Hebrew Ref} ,
"the" parable tellers, suggests those well known for their prophetic
parables---Bil'am and B'or, both renowned by Scriptural mention. (G.A.)
276 22:6. Balak hired Bil'am to curse the Israelites.
277 ".
.. and what you curse is cursed." Tanchuma, 24.
278 This
was the curse. Let Cheshbon be built and established as Sichon's city,
under his name. (G.A.)
279 {Hebrew Ref} is not translated as "the cities." {Hebrew Ref} is a proper noun. (M.)
280 If {Hebrew Ref} were
translated as "the cities," {Hebrew Ref} would be easily
translated as "the cities of Moav." With {Hebrew Ref} as a proper
noun, the translation of {Hebrew Ref} is unusual, but
acceptable---"the city of Ar, belonging to Moav." (M.)
281 In
the context of vs. 28, 29. (M.)
282 Shoftim, 11:24.
283 "He
rendered his sons" does not mean Moav rendered his own sons.
284 He
rendered his sons, etc. "And his daughters, etc." is not a separate
phrase.
285 {Hebrew Ref} is understood as {Hebrew Ref} ,
their kingdom. (M.)
286 As if {Hebrew Ref} , "the kingdom" were repeated in
the second phrase of the passage, {Hebrew Ref} . (M.) But
Not "Cheshbon as far as Divon," as our verse later explains that the
desolation was until Nofach, not Divon. (G.A.)
287 Melachim 1,
11:36.
288 The dot in the {Hebrew Ref} signifies a missing
letter - the second {Hebrew Ref} in {Hebrew Ref} . (G.A.)
289
Our passage continues the statement of the parable tellers, from verse
27. (M.)
290 With our curse. (G.A.)
291 The plural, "they
captured it," refers to the spies. (M.)
292 The first spies, who
were afraid of the Canaanite nations (13:31).
293 Tanchuma, 24.
294 Through Og, Avrohom was able to rescue his kinsman Lot.
295 And informed Avrohom that Lot was a captive. (Bereishis, 14:13)
Og's intention was for Avrohom to die in battle so that could marry
Sarah. (Rashi to Bereishis, there) Despite his heinous motivation, Og's
action benefitted Avrohom, and Moshe thought that this would bring him
merit. (D.D.)
296 Bereishis, 14:5.
297 Devorim, 3:11.
298 Tanchuma, 25.
299 54b.
300 The size of the Israelite
camp, and lifted it onto his head, intending to hurl it at them and
crush them to death. Termites ate away the mountain's inner section,
whereupon it fell onto his neck. Moshe, who was ten amos tall,
leaped ten amos into the air, and, with a weapon ten amos
long, killed him by stabbing his leg. Gur Aryeh explains: Og's immense
size represents his material primacy, as opposed to Israel's
insignificant physical presence, but great powers of spirituality. The
power of the spirit is expressed through speech, and is likened to the
insects, who are effective through the use of the mouth. Og's attack
was thwarted by Israel's superior spiritual merit, represented by the
insects, who, despite their tiny physical presence, devoured the
enormous material mass concentrated in the core of the mountain by
using their mouths. The number ten (or its multiples) is the highest in
the Hebrew language, indicating that it alludes to perfection. Moshe,
Israel's man of spiritual perfection, was ten amos tall. He
leaped ten amos, and, with a weapon ten amos long,
demolished the underpinning for Og's massive material presence. See Gur
Aryeh's commentary for extensive clarification.
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